Composição da gordura corporal em pacientes com doenças inflamatórias intestinais: um estudo comparativo entre dobras cutâneas e ultrassonografia / Body fat composition in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases: a comparative study between skinfolds and ultrasonography

ABSTRACT Background: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are associated with important changes in nutritional status. Objective: The aim of the study was to compare body fat composition between two anthropometric methods: skinfolds and ultrasonography, in patients with IBD. Methods: Single-center cross-sectional study with IBD patients in remission or active disease. For the agreement analysis between the body fat assessment methods, the Bland Altman method was used. Results: A total of 101 patients with IBD were included, 75 with Crohn's disease and 26 with ulcerative colitis. Approximately 56% of the patients with Crohn's disease and 65.4% of those with ulcerative colitis had a body fat composition above normal levels, with no significant difference between the diseases (P=0.63). The Bland-Altman concordance analysis showed that the methods for assessing the percentage of fat by the adipometer and ultrasound were not in full agreement (P=0.001), despite both presented good correlation (CC 0.961; P=0.000). Conclusion: The analysis of body fat percentage in patients with IBD was different between the skinfolds and ultrasound. Both methods can be used to assess the of body fat percentage of patients with IBD. However, monitoring of body fat sequentially and longitudinally should always be performed using the same method throughout the disease course. Prospective longitudinal studies are warranted to precisely define the role of these two methods of measuring body composition in patients with IBD.

RESUMO Contexto: As doenças inflamatórias intestinais (DII) estão associadas a alterações importantes no estado nutricional. Objetivo: O objetivo do estudo foi comparar a composição da gordura corporal entre dois métodos antropométricos: dobras cutâneas e ultrassonografia, em pacientes com DII. Métodos: Estudo transversal de centro único com pacientes com DII em remissão ou doença ativa. Para a análise de concordância entre os métodos de avaliação da gordura corporal foi utilizado o método de Bland-Altman. Resultados: Foram incluídos 101 pacientes com DII, 75 com doença de Crohn e 26 com colite ulcerativa. Aproximadamente 56% dos pacientes com doença de Crohn e 65,4% daqueles com colite ulcerativa apresentaram composição de gordura corporal acima dos níveis normais, sem diferença significativa entre as doenças (P=0,63). A análise de concordância de Bland-Altman mostrou que os métodos de avaliação do percentual de gordura pelo adipômetro e ultrassonografia não foram totalmente concordantes (P=0,001), apesar de ambos apresentarem boa correlação (CC 0,961; P=0,000). Conclusão: A análise do percentual de gordura corporal em pacientes com DII foi diferente entre as dobras cutâneas e a ultrassonografia. Ambos os métodos podem ser usados para avaliar o percentual de gordura corporal de pacientes com DII. Entretanto, o monitoramento da gordura corporal de forma sequencial e longitudinal deve ser sempre realizado utilizando o mesmo método durante todo o curso da doença. Estudos longitudinais prospectivos são necessários para definir com precisão o papel desses dois métodos de medição da composição corporal em pacientes com DII.

Progress of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients with different muscle mass levels / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To investigate the difference of the disease progression in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with different muscle mass levels and the influence of related factors on the disease progression. Methods A total of 308 newly diagnosed patients with COPD from February 2021 to February 2022 were selected for this study. All patients were below moderate COPD. The patients were divided into two groups according to their muscle mass levels: sarcopenia group (98 cases) and control group (210 cases). The diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia were based on sarcopenia diagnostic thresholds: RSMI 2 in men and 2 for women. All subjects were followed up for 4 months to observe the progress of the patient's condition. The correlation between the muscle mass level and pulmonary function level, as well as the results of 6-minute walking test and CAT score was evaluated, and the influence of muscle mass level on the patient's disease progress was analyzed. At the same time, the potential influence of related factors (body fat rate, vitamin D level, etc.) on the condition of patients with different muscle mass levels was discussed. SPSS 19.0 software was used to perform statistical analysis. Results Under the same treatment intervention, the baseline and follow-up lung function improvement levels of patients in the sarcopenia group were lower than those in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). At the same time, the baseline and follow-up 6-minute walk test results of the patients in the sarcopenia group were also worse than those of the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Further correlation analysis was carried out between the patient's muscle mass level and the post-treatment pulmonary function indicators and 6MWD test level. The results showed that the muscle mass level was positively correlated with several pulmonary function indicators (FEV1, FEV1% predict) and 6MWD (both P<0.05). Considering the possible influence of other factors on the control and progress of the patient's condition, the present study used follow-up CAT score results to distinguish the prognosis of the patient's condition improvement, and used improvement and non-improvement as dependent variables to analyze the influence of various potential influencing factors. The results of regression model analysis showed that lower baseline muscle mass, women, lower body fat percentage, and lower vitamin D level were the main risk factors. Conclusion Under the same treatment condition, COPD patients with different muscle mass levels improve more slowly when complicated with sarcopenia and have poor prognosis. Women, lower body fat percentage and lower vitamin D level are potential risk factors for poor prognosis.

Nutritional Factors Determining Body Fat Percentage of Adolescent Boys in 5 Districts of Jakarta

@#Introduction: Adolescence is one of the life stages that play a key role and is also affected by the epidemiology transition as the result of the development of the era. Consuming a lot of fast food and junk food nowadays causes adolescents, both girls and boys, to be subjected to nutritional problems such as the high body fat percentage. Adolescent boys even tend to be unaware of their health. This study aims to analyse nutritional factors which have an effect on body fat percentage in adolescent boys. Methods: This study was performed involving 1046 high school students in 5 Jakarta districts. Spearman’s correlation and multiple linear regression were used for the data analysis of this study. Results: The result shows that there was a relationship between BMI-for-age, energy and macronutrient intakes, and body fat percentage. Adolescents with excessive intakes got affected by their body fat percentage, although their BMI-for-age is normal. The result of multivariate analysis suggests that BMI-for-age had the most effect on body fat percentage. Conclusion: There needs to be a regular education for adolescent boys to be aware of their body fat percentage and other factors that have an effect on it.

Test-retest reliability of air displacement plethysmography (BOD POD) in the adult healthy Indian male population

Objectives: Several studies have shown that air displacement plethysmography (ADP) has excellent reliability, accuracy and precision in body fat percentage (BF%) measurement, but its reliability has not been assessed in the Indian population. Thus, this study aimed to determine the test-retest reliability of BF% by ADP in healthy Indian men. Materials and Methods: A total of 74 healthy Indian men (>18 years old) belonging to different parts of India voluntarily participated in the study and completed multiple trials to determine BF% immediately after the initial measurements. All tests were performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Results: A paired t-test showed no significant differences in body volume (BV) (P = 0.53), body density (BD) (P = 0.39) and BF% (P = 0.27) between trials 1 and 2. However, there was a significant decrease in body mass (BM) observed between trials 1 and 2 (P = 0.0001) which did not influence reliability. A significant intraclass correlation was observed for BM (intraclass correlation 1 [ICC1] = 1, P <0.001), BV (ICC1 = 1, P < 0.001), BD (ICC1 = 0.996, P < 0.001) and BF% (ICC1 = 0.995, P < 0.001) between the initial test and retest trial. The third assessment of BF% was performed when the initial trial difference was greater than 1% point. Significant intraclass correlations were also observed for pairs with maximum and minimum differences. Conclusion: ADP appears to be a reliable measure for determining the BF% of the Indian adult male population, and conducting multiple trials are necessary to detect small differences.

Índice de masa corporal, peso ideal y porcentaje de grasacorporal en personas de diferentes grupos etarios / Body mass index, ideal weight and percentage of body fat inpeople of different age groups

El objetivo es comparar el IMC con el porcentaje de grasa corporal y el peso ideal, para complementar el IMC en el diagnóstico de obesidad, de un grupo de adultos. Métodos: estudio descriptivo, transversal, prospectivo y correlacional, en una muestra de 797 adultos con edad entre 17 y 96 años, atendidos en diferentes centros clínicos de Caracas, entre 2015 y 2018. Las variables son: edad, peso, talla y se calcularon el IMC, porcentaje de grasa corporal (PGC) y peso ideal (PI). Se clasificaron por sexo, grupo etáreo y según el IMC en normalidad y obesidad. Se utilizaron dos fórmulas para el PGC: Deurenberg y Regresión; y tres fórmulas para PI: Lorenz, Ramírez et al y Broca. Se obtuvieron medidas descriptivas, asociación, correlación, comparación de promedios y prueba de normalidad, mediante el soware Excel, Epidat.2. Resultados: Promedios de IMC y PGC aumentan hasta los 40 años y disminuye hasta los 79 años, las variables Talla ­ PI Broca, e IMC- PGCR correlacionan bien (r>0,75). Los promedios del IMC, PGCD, PGCR, PI Broca y PI Lorenz, según sexo, son significativos (p<0,000); para el IMC, en Normalidad y Obesidad, los promedios de peso, IMC, PGCD y PGCR son mayores en grupo de Obesidad, y significativos (p<0,000). La prueba de normalidad Shapiro-Francia comprobó que la distribución del IMC, PGCD, PGCR y PI Lorenz, provienen de una población distribuida normalmente (p< 0,000). Conclusiones: el IMC aun cuando es utilizado más frecuentemente para diagnosticar obesidad, clasifica con normalidad, a quienes tienen un alto porcentaje de grasa corporal(AU)

The objective is to compare BMI with the percentage of body fat and ideal weight, to supplement BMI in the diagnosis of obesity, from a group of adults. METHODS: descriptive, cross-cutting, prospective and correlational study, in a sample of 797 adults between 17 and 96 years old, attended in different clinical centers of Caracas, between 2015 and 2018. the variables are: age, weight, size and BMI was calculated, percentage of body fat (BFP) and ideal weight (IW). they were classified by sex, age group and BMI in normality and obesity. Two formulas were used for BFP: Deurenberg and Regression; and three formulas for IW: Lorenz, Ramirez-Lopez et al and Broca. Descriptive measures, association, correlation, average comparison and normality test were obtained, using Excel software, Epidat.2. RESULT: BMI and BFP averages increase to 40 years and decrease to age 79, the variables Size ­ IW Broca, and BMI- BFPR correlate well (r>0.75). e average BMI, BFPD, BFPR, IW Broca and IW Lorenz, depending on gender, are significant (p<0.000); for BMI, in Normality and Obesity, the weight averages, BMI, BFPD and BFPR are higher in the Obesity group, and significant (p<0,000). the Shapiro-France normality test found that the distribution of BMI, BFPD, BFPR and IW Lorenz, comes from a normally distributed population (p< 0.000). CONCLUSIONS: BMI even though it is most commonly used to diagnose obesity, it classifies normally, those with a high percentage of body fat(AU)

Investigation and analysis of muscle mass loss with obesity in 318 young and middle-aged weight loss patients / 中国医师杂志

Objective:To investigate the status of muscle mass loss with obesity among young and middle-aged weight loss patients in nutrition clinic, and to analyze the risk factors of muscle mass loss with obesity.Methods:318 cases of weight loss in the nutrition clinic of Changsha Central Hospital were investigated retrospectively. All subjects completed height and weight measurements, calculated body mass index (BMI), and measured skeletal muscle mass of limbs with Inbody 270 body composition analyzer. According to the muscle mass and body fat percentage, they can be divided into muscle mass loss combined with obesity group, simple obesity group, simple muscle mass loss group and normal group. The differences in body composition and the incidence of metabolic abnormalities between groups were compared, and the risk factors of muscle mass reduction combined with obesity were analyzed by logistic regression.Results:(1) The detection rate of muscle mass loss combined with obesity was 4.7%(15/318), including 5 males and 10 females. In addition, there were 269 cases of simple obesity, 34 cases of normal, no simple loss of muscle mass. (2) Compared with the muscle mass loss combined with obesity group, the simple obesity group had a higher proportion of family history of obesity, history of exercise and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (all P<0.05), and a lower proportion of sleep time ≥7 hours ( P<0.05). The proportion of patients with exercise history was higher in the normal group ( P<0.05). Compared with the simple obesity group, the normal group had a lower proportion of family history of obesity and NAFLD (all P<0.05), and a higher proportion of exercise history and sleep duration ≥7 hours (all P<0.05). (3) Compared with the muscle mass loss combined with obesity group, the body composition indexes of the simple obesity group were higher (all P<0.05); Compared with the muscle mass loss combined with obesity group, the height, body water, skeletal muscle mass, limb muscle mass and basal metabolism of the normal group were higher (all P<0.05), but the body fat, body fat percentage and visceral fat grade of the normal group were lower (all P<0.05). Compared with the simple obesity group, the normal group had lower body weight, body fat, body fat percentage, BMI and visceral fat grade (all P<0.05). (4) There were no significant difference in the incidence of abnormal blood pressure, blood glucose, blood lipid and uric acid levels among the three groups (all P>0.05). (5) Logistic regression analysis showed that exercise history was a protective factor for muscle mass loss ( OR=0.164, P=0.026). Conclusions:The prevalence of muscle mass loss with obesity was 4.7% in young and middle-aged overweight and obese people. These people tend to move less, sleep more. No higher incidence of metabolic abnormalities was found. Exercise was a protective factor against loss of muscle mass.

Assessment of Body Fat Percentage and Its Associated Factors among Hospitalized Elderly

@#Introduction: Elevated body fat percentage among elderly has resulted in a significant number of morbidity and mortality. Thus, this study aimed to determine the body fat percentage and its associated factors among hospitalized elderly in Klang Valley hospitals. Methods: A total of 57 subjects aged ≥ 60 years were recruited from the geriatric wards of three Klang Valley hospitals (Hospital Sungai Buloh, Hospital Tengku Ampuan Rahimah and Hospital Kuala Lumpur) using purposive and convenience sampling. A face-to-face interview and physical examination were conducted to obtain the data on socio-demographic characteristics, medical background, anthropometric measurements, total cholesterol levels, hand-grip strength, perception towards oral health, dietary assessment and malnutrition risk. The body fat percentage was assessed using a handheld bio-electrical impedance OMRON HBF-302 and compared with Gallagher’s classification of body fat percentage. A simple descriptive statistic and correlation analysis were used to analyze the body fat percentage and its associated factors. Results: Majority of hospitalized elderly (49%) had elevated body fat percentages. Weight (p≤0.0005), BMI (p≤0.0005), and malnutrition risk (p≤0.0005) were significantly associated with the body fat percentage. Meanwhile, other variables were not significantly associated with body fat percentage in hospitalized elderly. Conclusion: Weight, BMI, and malnutrition risk were found to be significantly associated with the body fat percentage. Other variables were not significantly associated. Thus, a better understanding of factors associated with body fat percentage is necessary in managing elevated body fat percentage to reduce the risk of morbidity and mortality among hospitalized elderly.

The effect of weight loss on endothelial function and cerebrovascular risk factors in obese and overweight people / 中华健康管理学杂志

Objective:To explore the effect of weight loss on endothelial function and cerebrovascular risk factors in obese and overweight people.Methods:A total of 127 obese or overweight subjects received 6-month body weight management. Subjects who lost 3 kg or more than 5% of their body weight prior to the 6-month intervention were defined as achievement group. Endothelial function (FMD) and other cerebrovascular risk factors were measured before and after intensified lifestyle management.Results:The achievement group comprised 57 (44.9%) cases and the non-achievement group 70 (55.1%) cases. After 6-month intervention, FMD (6.98±2.88% vs 7.90±2.96%, P<0.05) and HDL-C increased in the achievement group. Significant decreases were observed in the achievement group in BMI, SBP, DBP, FPG, TC, LDL-C, TG and uric acid. However, only DBP and FPG decreased in the non-achievement group. Conclusion:Weight loss can reverse endothelial dysfunction and metabolic dysfunction. Decrease of body fat ratio contributes to the improvement of endothelial function.

Correlación de parámetros antropométricos predictores del riesgo de aparición de diabetes mellitus / Correlation of the anthropometric parameters predictors of emerging risk for diabetes mellitus

Introducción: Existen parámetros antropométricos predictivos del riesgo de padecer diabetes mellitus que pueden correlacionarse, tal como el índice de masa corporal, el porcentaje de grasa corporal, el perímetro de la cintura y el porcentaje de grasa visceral. Objetivo: Establecer el riesgo potencial de padecer diabetes mellitus de tipo 2 mediante la correlación de indicadores y medidas antropométricas aplicables a la población local. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio epidemiológico, transversal, observacional y analítico de 118 individuos jóvenes, en la Universidad Católica de Córdoba, en Córdoba, Argentina, durante el mes de septiembre de 2019, en el cual se aplicó el FINnish Diabetes Risk Score, tomando además como indicadores los porcentajes de grasa corporal y de grasa visceral. En el análisis estadístico de las variables cuantitativas y cualitativas se utilizaron el promedio y la desviación estándar como medidas descriptivas; asimismo, se aplicaron las pruebas de normalidad de Shapiro-Wilk y de Kolmogorow-Smirnov y el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman para probar las hipótesis estadísticas planteadas. Resultados: Se encontró que la mayoría de la población era de bajo riesgo y la correlación entre el índice de masa corporal y la grasa corporal que se ajustaba era Y=1,18X+4,06; donde Y fue el porcentaje de grasa corporal y X el índice de masa corporal. Para correlacionar el perímetro de la cintura y el porcentaje de grasa visceral se ajustaban Y=0,21X-10,21 para hombres y Y=0,17X-7,84 para mujeres, donde Y fue el porcentaje de grasa visceral y X el perímetro de la cintura. Conclusiones: El conocimiento del estado de salud de una población lleva a la capacitación y asistencia para el autocuidado y la adquisición de hábitos saludables, que contribuyan a una adultez con calidad de vida.

Introduction: There are risk anthropometric predictors parameters of suffering from diabetes mellitus that can be correlated, such as the body mass index, body fat percentage, waist perimeter and visceral fat percentage. Objective: To establish the potential risk of suffering from type2 diabetes mellitus by means of the correlation of indicators and anthropometric measures applicable to a local population. Methods: An epidemiological, cross-sectional, observational and analytic study of 118 young individuals was carried out in the Catholic University of Córdoba, in Córdoba, Argentina, during the month of September, 2019, in which the FINnish Diabetes Risk Score was implemented, the body fat and visceral fat percentages were also taken as warning signs. In the statistical analysis of the quantitative and qualitative variables the average and the standard deviation were used as descriptive measures; also, the Shapiro-Wilks and Kolmogorow-Smirnov normality tests and the Spearman correlation test were implemented to prove the outlined statistical hypotheses. Results: It was found that it was a low risk population and the correlation between the body mass index and the body fat that was adjusted was Y=1.18X+4.06; where Y was the body fat percentage and X the body mass index. To correlate the waist perimeter and the visceral fat percentage Y=0,21X-10,21 for men and Y=0,17X-7,84 for women were adjusted, where Y was the visceral fat percentage and X the waist perimeter. Conclusions: The knowledge of the population health condition leads to the training and assistance for the selfcare and to the acquisition of healthy habits that contribute to an adulthood with life quality.

Variación de la composición corporal en hombres chilenos de acuerdo al consumo de lácteos / Summary: Variation of Body Composition in Chilean Men According to Suggested Dairy Consumption

De acuerdo a investigaciones recientes, el consumo de lácteos, además de presentar un alto valor nutritivo, se asocia a un menor peso corporal, atribuyéndole importantes beneficios para la salud. El objetivo del estudio es asociar el consumo de lácteos con la composición corporal, en hombres físicamente activos. Estudio transversal analítico, se evaluaron a 375 hombres, se aplicó encuesta de hábitos alimentarios y antropometría. De los voluntarios evaluados, la edad promedio fue de 23,8 ± 6,9 todos con escolaridad secundaria completa. Con respecto al consumo de lácteos el 35,5 % consumía al menos de 1 vez al día, 28 % 1 porción al día, 9,3% 2 porciones al día y 2,9 % 3 porciones/día. Los que consumen ≥2 porción de lácteos al día presentaban menor IMC, peso y grasa corporal, que aquellos que consumen < de 2 porciones de lácteos. Se presentan correlaciones negativas entre una mayor frecuencia de consumo de lácteos con grasa corporal, % grasa corporal y relación cintura cadera. Al asociar el consumo de ≥ 2 porciones se observó una asociación negativa con % grasa corporal. Finalmente, los sujetos que consumen ≥2 porciones/día de lácteos presentan significativamente menor IMC, peso y % grasa corporal, al realizar las asociaciones con el consumo de ≥ 2 porciones de lácteos solo se mantiene el % de grasa corporal(AU)

According to recent research, the consumption of dairy, in addition to presenting a high nutritional value, is associated with lower body weight, attributing important health benefits. The objety of the study is to associate dairy consumption with body composition in physically active men. Analytical cross-sectional study, 375 men were evaluated, in which a survey of eating habits and anthropometry was applied. Of the volunteers evaluated, the mean age was 23.8 ± 6.9 years and all had completed secondary education. Regarding dairy consumption, 35.5 % consumed at least 1 time a day, 28 % 1 portion a day, 9.3 % 2 portions a day and 2.9 % 3 portions / day. Those who consumed ≥2 servings of dairy products per day had lower BMI, weight and body fat than those who consumed <2 servings of dairy. There are negative correlations between a higher frequency of dairy consumption with body fat (k), body fat % and waist-to-hip ratio. When associating the consumption of ≥ 2 servings, a negative association with body fat% was observed. Finally, the subjects who consume ≥2 servings / day of dairy products have significantly lower BMI, weight and body fat%, when making the associations with the consumption of ≥ 2 servings of dairy only the % body fat is maintained(AU)

Ultra-processed Food Consumption in Relation to BMI and Body Fat Percentage of Adults in Terengganu

@#Introduction: There is an emergent increase of ultra-processed food consumption in developing countries including Malaysia which carries a likelihood towards the increase of obesity. However, few studies have been done in relating between ultra-processed consumption and obesity, especially in Malaysia. Therefore, this study aims to determine the consumption of ultra-processed foods and its relationship with BMI and body fat percentage among university committee in Kuala Nerus, Terengganu. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed among 167 individuals aged 18 to 59 years old in Kuala Nerus. Data were collected using a researcher-administered questionnaire which consisted of three different sections: socio-demographic profile, two days 24-hour dietary recall, and nutritional status assessment on BMI and body fat percentage. Consumption of ultra-processed foods were determined by classifying two days 24-hour dietary recall based on ultra-processed food classification. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 21.0 with p<0.05 to indicate significant. Results: The results showed Group 4 (ultra-processed foods) contributes 23% of overall daily energy consumption while Group 1+2 (unprocessed or minimally processed food + culinary ingredients) and Group 3 (processed foods) had contributed 75% and 2% respectively. Results showed that there was no relationship found between the ultra-processed food consumption and nutritional status through spearmen correlation at p<0.05. Conclusion: It is evidently clear from the findings that the consumption of ultra-processed foods is providentially still low among the respondents.

Effect Of Low-Impact Aerobic Dance And Zumba Exercises On Body Fat Percentage In Obese Women

@#The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of low-impact aerobic dance and zumba exercises in reducing the percentage of body fat in obese women in terms of the Body Mass Index (BMI). Forty obese women (mean age 33.9±7.1 years) were selected and divided into two experimental groups, namely: low-impact aerobic dance (n=20) and zumba (n=20). The participants were also divided based on the BMI which gave the mild and severe obesity groups. The research instrument was a skinfold caliper which was used to measure the thickness of the body fat. The experiment was carried out 3 times a week for 8 weeks and the participants from both groups performed exercises for a duration of 60 minutes. The analysis of data between the experimental groups showed that there were significant differences between these exercises (r=0.005; p<0.05), the levels of obesity (r=0,000; p<0.05), and there were interactions between the exercises and the levels of obesity (r=0,000; p<0,05), from the pre-test to the post-test. The results showed that low-impact aerobic dance was more effectively used in reducing the percentage of body fat in obese women at the severe levels while zumba was effectively used in reducing the percentage of body fat in obese women with mild obesity, therefore the two exercises had an influence in reducing the percentage of body fat.

Índice Peso Circunferencia de Cintura como indicador complementario de sobrepeso y obesidad en diferentes grupos de sujetos / Weight Waist Circumference Index as a complementary indicator of overweight and obesity in different groups of subjects

En este estudio se compara el Índice de Peso-Circunferencia de Cintura (IPCC), con los indicadores Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC), Índice Cintura-Talla (ICT) y Porcentaje de Grasa Corporal (%GC), en tres grupos de sujetos para determinar que tan eficiente resulta en el diagnósticoo de sobrepeso y obesidad y proponerlo como complemento de los otros indicadores mencionados. Métodos: estudio exploratorio, descriptivo, prospectivo y correlacional en una muestra probabilística de 655 sujetos, dividida en tres sub muestras: 455 niños y adolescentes, 97 universitarios y 103 adultos. Variables: edad, sexo, peso, talla, circunferencia de cintura (CC), Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC), Índice Cintura Talla (ICT) e Índice de Peso-Circunferencia de Cintura (IPCC), Porcentaje de Grasa Corporal (%GC). Medidas estadísticas: descriptivas, asociación, correlación, comparación de promedios y regresión logística. Resultados: IMC revela, sobrepeso y obesidad mayor en adultos; CC e ICT mayor riesgo en adultos; %GC reporta obesidad en 6,8% niños, 17,9% universitarios y 64,8% adultos. IPCC se comporta normalmente, aumenta con la edad, 15,6% en niños y adolescentes, 14,4% universitarios y 14,6% adultos, en riesgo. Promedios del IPCC por sexo, en niños y adolescentes, no significativos; correlaciona con peso, talla e IMC (r>0,70). Regresión logística evidencia verosimilitud significativa (p<0,001), regresiones mayores a 0,90 y bondad de ajuste significativas (p<0,000). Conclusiones: Considerar el IPCC conjuntamente con otros indicadores para evaluar sobrepeso y obesidad(AU)

This study compares the Waist Weight-Circumference Index (WIWC), with the indicators Body Mass Index (BMI), Waist-Height Index (WHI) and Body Fat Percentage (BF%), in three groups of subjects to determine how efficient it is in the diagnosis of overweight and obesity and propose it as a complement to the other indicators mentioned. Methods: Methods: exploratory, descriptive, prospective and correlational study in a probabilistic sample of 655 subjects, divided into three sub-samples: 455 children and adolescents, 97 university students and 103 adults. Variables: age, sex, weight, height, waist circumference (WC), Body Mass Index (BMI), Waist Height Index (WHI) and Waist Circumference Weight Index (WIWC), Body Fat Percentage (BF%). Statistical measures: descriptive, association, correlation, comparison of averages and logistic regression. Results: BMI reveals, overweight and obesity in adults; CW and WHI increased risk in adults; BF% reports obesity in 6.8% children, 17.9% university students and 64.8% adults. WIWC behaves normally, increases with age, 15.6% in children and adolescents, 14.4% university students and 14.6% adults, at risk. WIWC averages by sex, in children and adolescents, not significant; correlates with weight, height and BMI (r> 0.70). Logistic regression shows significant likelihood (p <0.001), regressions greater than 0.90 and significant goodness of fit (p <0.000). Conclusions: Consider the WIWC together with other indicators to assess overweight and obesity. Keywords: Overweight, Obesity, Body Mass Index, Waist Circumference, Waist Size Index, Weight Index Waist Circumference, Body Fat Percentage(AU)

Comparación entre el IMC tradicional y el IMC Oxford y su relación con otros indicadores, en niños y adolescentes / Comparison between the traditional BMI and the BMI Oxford and its relationship with other indicators, in children and adolescents

El objetivo es comparar dos fórmulas de cálculo del Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) y relacionarlo con otros indicadores como la Circunferencia de Cintura (CC), Índice Cintura-Talla (ICT), Índice Peso Circunferencia de Cintura (IPCC) y etnia. MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo, transversal, prospectivo y correlacional. Una muestra de 480 niños y adolescentes, de 6 a 15 años, de dos instituciones educativas de Caracas, Municipio Libertador, seleccionados al azar de los grados y secciones previamente elegidas, se solicitó consentimiento informado a sus representantes. Variables: etnia, sexo, peso, talla, IMC, CC, ICT, % GC e IPCC. Se determinó promedio, desviación, porcentajes, comparación de medias y porcentajes y correlaciones. RESULTADOS: Promedios del IMC-Oxford ligeramente mayores a los del IMC-Quetelet, por edad. Al clasificar según Normopeso, Sobrepeso y Obesidad, promedios de los dos IMC son significativos; promedios de todas las variables, no significativos por sexo, excepto para el % GC (p<0,000), este aumenta considerablemente con la edad. La clasificación de la CC 15,0 % Riesgo sobrepeso y 5,0 % Obesidad; el % GC clasifica 19,5 % en Exceso, mayor en el sexo femenino, hay un alto porcentaje en Déficit (65,8 %). Correlaciona IMC-Q con IPCC (r=0,84), IMC-O con IPCC (r=0,70) e IMC-Q con IMC-O (r= 0,97). Los indicadores CC, ICT e IPCC, se comportan similarmente en los tres grupos de clasificación de los IMC; y en las tres etnias según los percentiles, y los valores de la CC siempre mayores a los del IPCC. CONCLUSIÓN: el IMC-Oxford puede ser utilizado como una nueva opción para evaluar Sobrepeso y Obesidad, en grupos de niños y adolescentes.

The objective is to compare two Body Mass Index (BMI) calculation formulas and relate it to other indicators such as Waist Circumference (CC), Waist-Size Index (ICT), Weight-Waist Circumference Index (IPCC), and ethnicity. METHODS: Descriptive, cross-cutting, prospective and correlative study. A sample of 480 children and adolescents, aged 6 to 15, from two educational institutions in Caracas, Libertador Municipality, randomly selected from the degrees and sections previously chosen, requested informed consent from their representatives. Variables: ethnicity, gender, weight, size, BMI, WC, ICT, BFP and WWCI. Average, deviation, percentages, comparison of means and percentages and correlations were determined. RESULTS: BMI-Oxford averages slightly higher than BMI-Quetelet, by age. When classifying by Normoweight, Overweight and Obesity, averages of the two BMI are significant; averages of all variables, not significant by sex, except for % GC (p<0.000), this increases considerably with age. CC rating 15.0 % Overweight risk and 5.0 % Obesity; % GC ranks 19.5 % in Excess, higher in the female sex, there is a high percentage in Deficit (65,8 %). It maps IMC-Q to WWCI (r-0.84), IMC-O with WWCI (r-0.70), and IMC-Q with IMC-O (r-0.97). The CC, WTS and WWCI indicators behave similarly in the three BMI classification groups; and in the three ethnicities according to the percentiles, and the VALUES of the WC always higher than those of the WWCI. CONCLUSION: BMI-Oxford can be used as a new option to evaluate Overweight and Obesity, in groups of children and adolescents .

Relación entre indicadores antropométricos y masa grasa medida por deuterio en escolares costarricenses / Relationship between anthropometric indicators and fat mass measured by deuterium in Costa Rican schoolchildren / Relação entre indicadores antropométricos e massa gordurosa medida por deutério em crianças da escola costarriquenhos

El propósito de este estudio fue identificar la relación entre la masa grasa expresada como porcentaje de grasa corporal (%GC) medida por el método de deuterio (D2O) e indicadores antropométricos en escolares costarricenses. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo transversal en el que participaron 54 niños y 49 niñas de 6 a 9 años. Se realizaron medidas antropométricas: peso, talla, índice de masa corporal, circunferencia de brazo, circunferencia de cintura, circunferencia abdominal, pliegue cutáneo subescapular y pliegue cutáneo tricipital. El análisis del %GC se realizó por medio del método de referencia del D2O. Se realizó una estadística descriptiva y se aplicó un análisis de coeficiente de correlación de Pearson para identificar la relación entre las mediciones antropométricas y el %GC obtenido por D2O. En el grupo de escolares, las niñas presentaron valores mayores de talla y pliegue cutáneo tricipital (p<0,05) y %GC obtenida por D2O (p<0,001). Se observó una fuerte correlación entre el %GC medido por D2O y el índice de masa corporal, la circunferencia de cintura y la circunferencia abdominal tanto en los niños como en las niñas. Se concluye que la circunferencia de cintura y la circunferencia abdominal podrían ser utilizadas conjuntamente con el IMC como herramientas para el diagnóstico de sobrepeso y obesidad en población escolar, cuando no se cuente con metodologías más precisas que determinen el %GC.

The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between fat mass (FM) expressed as body fat percentage (%BF) measured by the deuterium method (D2O) and anthropometric indicators in Costa Rican schoolchildren. A cross-sectional descriptive study was performed and the participants were 54 boys and 49 girls of ages between six and nine years old. The anthropometric measurements recorded were weight, height, body mass index (BMI), arm circumference (AC), waist circumference (WC), abdominal circumference (AC), subscapular skinfold (SSF), and tricipital skinfold (TSF). The analysis of %BF was performed by means of D2O reference method. Descriptive statistics and the application of Pearson correlation coefficient analysis identified the relationship between anthropometric measurements and %BF obtained by D2O. From the group of schoolchildren, the girls showed greater values for height and tricipital skinfold (p<0.05) and %BF obtained by D2O (p<0.001). This study evidences a strong correlation between %BF measured by D2O and BMI, WC and AC in both girls and boys. It is concluded that WC and AC could be used together with the IMC as tools for the diagnosis of overweight and obesity in schoolchildren, when there are no more precise methodologies that determine the %BF.

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a relação entre a massa gordurosa (MG), expressa como percentagem de gordura corporal (%GC) medida pelo método de deutério (D2O) e indicadores antropométricos em escolas da Costa Rica. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo transversal, no qual participaram 54 meninos e 49 meninas com idade entre seis e nove anos. Foram realizadas medidas antropométricas: peso, tamanho, índice de massa corporal (IMC), circunferência do braço (CB), circunferência da cintura (CC), circunferência abdominal (CA), prega cutânea subescapular (PCS) e prega cutânea tricipital (PCT). A análise da %GC foi realizada pelo método de referência D2O, realizou-se uma estatística descritiva e foi aplicada análise coeficiente de correlação de Pearson para identificar a relação entre as medições antropométricas e a %GC obtida por meio do D2O. No grupo de escolares, as meninas apresentaram maiores valores de estatura e PCT (p<0,05) e %GC obtida por D2O (p<0,001). Observou-se uma importante correlação entre %GC medida por D2O e IMC, CC e CA tanto nos meninos quanto nas meninas. Conclui-se que a CC e a CA poderiam ser utilizadas conjuntamente com o IMC como ferramenta para o diagnóstico de sobrepeso e obesidade em população escolar, quando não se conte com metodologias mais precisas que determinem o %GC.

Body composition assessment among adults in Thika, Kiambu county, Kenya

Background: Research has shown that body composition is directly related to health. Altered body composition, can greatly increase the risks of conditions such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis fosters early detection of an improper balance in the body composition, which allows for earlier intervention and prevention.Methods: This was a cross sectional analysis of body composition for adults who volunteered to be screened during a Nutrition week in Kiambu County, Kenya. A total of 301 adults were included in the assessment. Body Mass Index (BMI) and Body composition (body fat %, bone mass, muscle mass, visceral fat and water %) were measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis.Results: The age of the participants ranged from 18-99 years (mean 42.19±16.57 years). Most of the participants were males (53.5%). More than half (53.2%) of the participants had a poor BMI, 37.2% had high total body fat percentage, 12.6% had excess levels of visceral fat and 26.6% had poor water hydration status. Age (OR=0.095; p value <0.001; CI 0.033-0272) and visceral fat (r=0.74; p value <0.001) were significantly associated with the BMI. Females had a significantly higher BMI (P <0.001). Visceral fat was also positively correlated with age: r=0.74; P value <0.001.Conclusions: Sex, age and BMI were important determinants of body composition. Increased physical activity, appropriate dietary practices are crucial in maintaining a healthy BMI and body composition. For timely intervention regular nutrition screening should be promoted among different populations.

Role of neck circumference in measuring obesity in healthy adults

Background: Visceral fat or intra-abdominal fat is the adipose tissue surrounding mesenteries and omentum. This has been linked to lifestyle diseases like heart diseases, arthritis, stroke and even cancer. At present we have three tools to measure visceral fat area (VFA) – Bio impedance analysis, Magnetic resonance analyser and DEXA scan. Neck circumference measurement is a simple, easy to do and a quantifiable method of measuring visceral fat. Aim & Objective: This study aims to find correlation of visceral body fat with Neck Circumference (NC) and Body Mass Index. Methodology: A cross sectional study was carried out in a medical college of western Maharashtra, wherein 290 healthy males (>18 years) were selected by simple random sampling over a period of 7 months from (February 2018 – August 2018). Data was analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. Visceral body fat was measured using Body Space 720 and neck circumference using measuring tape. Results: We found a significant association between neck circumference and VFA. There is a strong association between NC of >35cm and VFA >100cm2. NC can be useful in field settings as it can be used easily by health care workers in predicting risk of lifestyle diseases.

Uso del índice de masa corporal y porcentaje de grasa corporal en el análisis de la función pulmonar / Use of the body mass index and body fat percentage in the analysis of pulmonary function

En la actualidad la obesidad es considerada como una pandemia, además de los cambios metabólicos ya sabidos, se producen alteraciones estructurales como las generadas en el sistema ventilatorio. Sin embargo, se ha observado que dependiendo de la forma de categorización de esta condición, puede o no existir alteración sobre este sistema generando así una complicación al momento de la elección de esta herramienta. Por lo tanto el objetivo de esta investigación fue comparar parámetros de la función pulmonar en individuos obesos (O) y normo-peso (Np) según índice de masa corporal (IMC) y porcentaje de grasa corporal (PGC). Se midió la función ventilatoria en 57 participantes, posteriormente estas variables se contrastaron entre los sujetos normo-peso (Np) y obesos (O) según IMC y PGC. Se observó un aumento significativo en el valor de la capacidad inspiratoria (CI) de O versus Np y del volumen de reserva espiratoria (VRE) y capacidad residual funcional (CRF) de Np en relación a O, tanto para la división por IMC como por PGC, en el grupo dividido por IMC las variables de resistencia especifica de las vías aéreas (sRaw) y presión inspiratoria máxima (PImáx) fueron significativamente mayor en los participantes O, asimismo, la conductancia específica de las vías aéreas (sGaw) fue significativamente mayor en sujetos Np. En conclusión, el IMC mostró mayor versatilidad como predictor de la función ventilatoria, sin embargo, se necesitan mayores estudios de los efectos mecánicos de este indicador y del PGC sobre las vías aéreas.

Currently, obesity is considered a pandemic, in addition to the known metabolic changes, structural alterations such as those generated in the ventilatory system occur. However, it has been observed that depending on the form of categorization of this condition, there may or may not be alteration on this system, thus generating a complication when choosing this tool. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare parameters of lung function in obese individuals and normo-weight according to body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage (BFP). The ventilatory function was measured in 57 participants, later these variables were contrasted between the subjects normal weight (Nw) and obese (O) according to BMI and BFP. A significant increase in the inspiratory capacity (IC) value of O versus Nw was observed and of the expiratory reserve volume (ERV) and functional residual capacity (FRC) of Nw in relation to O, both for the division by BMI and by BFP. In the group divided by BMI, the variables of specific resistance of the airways (sRaw) and maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) were significantly higher in the participants O. In addition, specific airway conductance (sGaw) was significantly higher in subjects Nw. In conclusion, the BMI showed greater versatility as a predictor of ventilatory function, however, more studies are needed on the mechanical effects of this indicator and the BFP on the airways.

Differences of lipid profile, body fat percentage, and waist circumference between childbearing age women acceptors of depot medroxy progesterone acetate contraceptive injection with non-acceptors in Padang City 2017

Background: A hormonal contraception which considered ideal is depot medroxy progesteron acetat. There are large number of acceptors choose this contraception because this contraception is considered safe, effective, and can be used after labor. The possible side effect which can occur are increase of lipid profile, body fat percentage, and waist circumference. The purpose of this study is to see the differences between lipid profile, body fat percentage, and the waist circumference of women of childbearing age who use depot medroxy progesteron acetat injection compared with non-acceptors.Methods: This study was observational study with a cross sectional comparative approach and was conducted at the Regional Technical Services Unit (UPTD) at Regional Health Laboratory in West Sumatera Province from December 2017 until June 2018. The samples were 46 DMPA acceptors and 46 non-acceptors. The sampling method used random sampling technique. The measurements of lipid profile was conducted with colorimetric enzymatic method, which is GPO-PAP for triglycerides, and CHOD-PAP for total cholesterol, HDL and LDL. The percentage of body fat examination was conducted using Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA). The obtained data were analyzed by using t-test. Abnormal data were confirmed by Mann-whitney non-parametric test with p<0.05.Results: The results showed a significant difference between DMPA acceptors and non-acceptors (p<0.05). In total cholesterol (p = 0.000), LDL (p = 0.000), triglycerides (p = 0.000), body fat percentage (p = 0.007), body mass index (p = 0.004), and waist circumference (p = 0.001). But, in HDL there was no significant difference between DMPA acceptors and non-acceptors with p value = 0.302 (p>0.05). There were significant differences in total cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides, fat percentage, body mass index, and the circumference of waist in both DMPA acceptors and non acceptors. There were no significant difference in HDL levels between DMPA acceptors and non acceptors.Conclusions: There were significant differences in total cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides, fat percentage, body mass index, and waist circumference between DMPA acceptors and non-acceptors. There was no significant difference in HDL between DMPA acceptors and non-acceptors.

Association between carbohydrate and fat intake and estradiol levels with body fat percentage in Minangkabau ethnic premenopausal women, in Padang City West Sumatra year 2018

Background: Excessive carbohydrate and fat intake with excess estradiol levels will cause an increase in body fat percentage, thus causing obesity in premenopausal women. Objective was to determine the association between carbohydrate intake with fat percentage, the association between fat intake with fat percentage, the association between SAFA intake with fat percentage, the association between MUFA intake with fat percentage, the association between PUFA intake with fat percentage, and the association between estradiol levels with fat percentage in Minangkabau ethnic premenopausal women in Padang City, West Sumatra.Methods: This research was carried out in Padang City. Research conducted was observational research with cross sectional research design. Subjects in this research were 52 people. Variables in body fat percentage were measured using Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA), carbohydrate and fat intake data were obtained by interviewing the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), and estradiol levels were examined by ELISA. Data analysis was performed using Pearson correlation test.Results: In premenopausal women in the city of Padang, low carbohydrate intake was found with an average of 227.25grams, high fat intake was found with an average of 77.84grams, high SAFA intake was found with an average of 27.59grams, low MUFA intake was found with an average of 9.91grams, normal PUFA intake was found with an average of 9.37grams, normal estradiol levels was found with an average of 145.95pg/ml, and more fat percentage was found with an average of 33.31.Conclusions: There was an association between carbohydrate intake with fat percentage, there was an association between fat intake with fat percentage, there was an association between SAFA intake with fat percentage, there was an association between MUFA intake with fat percentage, there was an association between PUFA intake with fat percentage, and no association between estradiol levels with of fat percentage in premenopausal women in Padang City.